Polivoks is a duophonic analog synthesizer that was manufactured and marketed in the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1990. It was designed by engineer Vladimir Kuzmin at the Urals Vector plant, with its distinctive industrial-military aesthetic shaped by his wife Olimpiada, who drew inspiration from Soviet military radios. Actual production was carried out at the Formanta Radio Factory in Kachkanar, Russian SFSR, with an estimated 20,000–30,000 units made over its production run.

The instrument is built around two VCOs, a four-pole resonant filter, two ADSR envelopes, an LFO, and a duophonic keyboard, and is widely known for its aggressive, gritty character — particularly the screaming, distorted timbre of its filter when pushed into resonance. Originally created out of necessity behind the Iron Curtain rather than in direct competition with Western instruments like Moog or Roland, the Polivoks gained a cult following in the West in the 2000s among electronic, industrial, and experimental musicians drawn to its raw, lo-fi Soviet sound.

The Polivoks circuit and aesthetic have since influenced numerous reissues, clones, and emulations, including the Behringer Polivoks (developed in collaboration with original designer Vladimir Kuzmin), Cherry Audio's Atomika software emulation, and the Polivoks Mini from Elta Music. Original Formanta-branded units remain sought-after vintage collectibles.

Polivoks has 2 products cataloged on Equipboard, including Modular Synthesizers and Synthesizers. Their gear is featured by 3 artists, with the strongest followings in Electronic and Rock. Notable users include Boys Noize, Christian Lorenz, and Masonna.